                                    1 1

                       UKUPHATHWA KOKUCHITHWA KWEZIBI

                              NOMA OKULAHLWAYO



Inkathi yamanje:

INingizimu Afrika iveza ukungcola okuningi. Sinezimayini eziningi ezithela
incithakalo yezibi Sivumela komsebenzi wohwebo ukusebenzisa ezamandla
zokumbiwa phansi ukuthola incithakalo eziningi. Imithetho nezinhlelo
zokuvikela ukungcolisa nokulawula ukungcola zilula kabi.

Kungekudala, abantu sebaqale ukukhathazeka ngenkinga yencithakalo yezibi.
icala lase Thor Chemicals enatal lisize ukwenza abantu bakhathazeke
ngaioludaba. iThor Chemicals ibingenisa ukungcola okubulalayo okwela
kwamanye amazwe. Yilokhukuncola okulimaze izimpilo zabasebenzi nobunjalo
bendawo.

Inhlangano yesimanje ikhiqiza ukungcola okuhlukile. Enye yazo iya emoyeni.
Enye yazo iya emanzini. Enye yazo ibekwa emhlabeni. Izinsila eziye
ziyathengiswa noma zithengwa kwamanye amazwe. Ukungcola komoya nokwamanzi
kungahamba kwenqe imingcele phakathi kwamazwe.

Izimboni ziveza intela ukungcola okuningi. Lokhukungcola kunqaba ugesi,
uketshezi noma okuqinile. Izibi ezinye ziyingozi kakhulu kwezempilo
ukundlula ezinye. Lapho kukhona izimboni ezisondelene nalenani lezibi
ezikhiqhizwayo ziyingozi kwezempilo.

Izimoto, amathilaki namabhasi zenza ukungcola komoya. Amafamu amaningi
asebenzisa amakhemikhali (fertiliser, pesticides, ujill). lokhu
kungangcolisa imifula, amadamu namanzi agaphansi komhlabathi. Kukhona
ukungcola okuningi emakhaya. lokhu kufaka ipayipi lendle, nokungcola
okuqinile amakhasi aluhlaza namaplastiki. Amalahle ashayo nezinkuni
okusetshenziselusa ukupheka nokufudumeza nakho kungcolisa indlu ngaphakathi
nangaphandle.

Ngo 1991 no 1992 iCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
ishicilele imibiko emibili. Umbiko wokuqala ubheka ekuphatheni kokungcola
nokulawula izibi ngokuvamile. Eyesibili ibheka kukugcola okuyingozi.
Lemibiko ithi iningizimu Afrika ikhipha phakathi kwe340 no 480 yezigidi
zamathani okungcola unyaka omunye nomunye. Siveza ukungcolisa okungu okun
gumiliyoni yamathani. Ukungcola okuyingozi kuphathwe kahle ngokunonophela
ngoba kuyingozi. Kunomithetho eshoyo ukuthi kusetshenzwa njani.

 TABLE 11.1:

 Ukungcola okuqinile komnthombo nenani
                                             Inani

 Umthombo                                    isigidi semathani

                                             ngonyaka
 lzibi zezimayini
                                             240 - 380
 Umlotha wamalahle weziteshi zamandla
                                                        20
 ikhemikhali, izinsimbi
                                                        20
 ukukhiqhiza okomsebenzi wokuvezao
                                                        15
 lzibi sasemadolobheni
                                                        45
 ezinye
 TOTAL                                           340 - 480

147 isigidi samatoni sezibi kuya emoyeni unyaka nonyaka, kungaba ugesi noma
intuthu. 1.2 isigidi samathani kaketshezi wezibi kuya emifuleni nasolwandle
unyaka omunye nomunye.

Kukhona izimayini eziningi neziteshi zamandida Eastern Transvaal. Lokhu
kwenza ukungcola komoya. Ezindaweni ezinjengo Merebank, enatal kukhona
izimboni eziningi ezisondelene. Kujwayaleke kakhulu ukuthi abantu abampofu
baphile eceleni kwamafektri angcolile. Izimplo( zabo ziyahlupheka ngoba
baphila ecelenei kwenafaktri.

Ukusukango 1965 ezinye izindawo emadolobheni zenziwe i"shonke free zones.'
Ukungcola komoya kuLezindawo Lwehile. Kodwa lezindawo ze "smoke free
zones" zisezindaweni zabamhlophe.

Emadolobheni abamnyama kujwayeleke ukubi nokungcola komoya. Okuphathelene
nokususi kwezibi akuzebenzi kahle. Abantu abampofu emadolobheni abanamnako
ekuphuculeni izindawo zabo. Babukeke bengazwisisi izinkinga zokuyeka izibi
esitaladini. Lokhu kuliqiniso emaphandieni nasemadolobheni.

Abantu abaningi emadolobheni abamnyama nasemaphandieni basebenzisa amalahle
nezinkuni ukupheka nokufundumenza indlu. Ngokujwayelekile izindlu zabo
azinamashimela alungile. Intuthu yezinkuni namalahle ibanga ukungcola
naganpakathi nangaphadle kwendlu.

Abelungu baseNingizinmu Afrika bathenga izinto eziningi. Loku kuyiqiniso
elithile babantu abathe ukuceba. Lezizinto zivaiwe iplastiki, noma
emabhokisi. Lokhu kumbozwa kayalahlwa Kwamanye amazwe, izimboni zizama
ukusebenzisa iphepha eliphansi neplastiki ekumbozeni izinto ezizothengiswa.
Kodwa ke lokhu akukenziwa eNingizimu Afrika. Kwamanye amazwe izimboni
zizama ukusebenzisa ngokuphinda ukundlula ngendlela thina esenza gayo.
Sidinga ukwenza izinto ezihlala isikhathi eside, futhi esikwazi
ukuzivuselela.

Lokhu kuzabangcono kunokwenza izinto ezizolahla uma ziphuka. Singenza
okuningi ukwehlisa izinga lokulahlwayo.

Imithetho meminyango kahulumeni

Kukhona imithetho eminingi eyahlukene elawula ukungcola. Iminyango
eyahlukene ibhekene ngokuhlukana ukungcola (bheka table 11.2)

 TABLE 11.2:
 Uhlobo wezibi

 noma ukungcola                           Izigaba zembuso
                                          Udaba lobunjalo bendawo

                                          nezokuvakasha

                                          Umbuso wakhona lapha

 1. Ukungcola komoya                      Udaba oluphathelene

 2. Abomuzi nokungalimazi                  zezamanzi namahlathi

 okomsebenzi wohwebo                      National Health and

 ukungcola                                Population Development

 3. Ukulahlwa kokungcola                  Ezolimo

 okungasiyinzi                           Wezemvelo zobunjalo bendawo
                                          (ukuphuqula
 4. Ukuthutha kwezibi
                                          (cleaning up pollution);
 ezingozi
                                          ukugcola): Ezokutha
 5. Ubunjani bomhlabathi
                                          (ukuvikela ukungcola
 (Cuketshenziswa ama pesticides)
                                          nokuthatha abantu
 6. Ukungola kolwandle
                                          bayiswe enkantolo).

                                          Council for Nuclear

                                          Safety

 7. Radioactive fuel cycle              National Health and

                                          Population Development
 8. Other radioactive materials
                                          Udaba oluphathelene
 9. Ukungcola kwamanzi
                                          namanzi nezasehlathini

                                          National Health and
 1 0. Udaba lokungcola kwezimayini
                                          Population Development
 1 1. Okungcolo komsindo
                                          Izisansibi nezokufutha
 12. Occupational health and workpiace
 safety                                 Mineral and Energy

 1 3.Waste on roads                     Umbuso Wendawe

                                          Ezomsebenzi

                                         Provincial

                                          administrations

Ukwahlukana kokuphathwa kokungcola phakathi kwezigaba ezningi akukho kahle.
Ifektri eyodwa kufanele ilalele imithetho eyahlukane nombiko ezigabeni
ezahlukene zombuso. lsigaba esinye nesinye sinomholi oyedwa obheka
entweni eyodwa. Njengokungcola komoya. Akekho obhekene nalezizinkinga
zihlangene. Kungaba ugcona ukubhekena nalezizinkinga zihlangene.

Akunamigomo ecacayo ebekelwe ukungcola. Ekungcoleni kokuphathwa akukaneli
ukulawula. lsibonelo, kunezindawo zama waste dumps eziyi-200 ezweni lapho
ukungcola okuqinile nokungangcolanga okususwayo. Ezincane ezithola
amalayisense. Iningi lazo ziphethwe kabi. Ezinye zenza ukungcola kwamazi.
Cishe uhafu bazo kunombiko omcane ngezempilo, zokulondeka nerekhodi
lobunjalo bendawo.

Lenkinga eyendlulela ngoba asinabahloli abenele. Isibonelo, kukhona isibalo
esincane sabaholibomoya bokungcola ezweni. Kufanele siqeqeshe abahloli
abaningi. Umbuso kufanale ubenemali yoku ufundisa ibhadale abahloli laba.

Thor Chemicals isibonelo esihle salezinkinga (bheka ibhokisi 9). Thor
Chemicals ibisebenza ngamakhemikhali abulalayo. Babesebenza nezigaba
zombuso ezahlukene. Inkinga yethor Chemicals yingoba ihamba ngendlela
eyodwa. lzigaba ezihlukile zebeka izinqumo ezahlukileyo. idepartment of
Population and National Health ikhiphe iphemithi yethor ukuletha ukungcola
okubulaiyo ezweni. Idepartment of Water Affairs and Forstry iphe iphemithi
yabo yokubeka ukungcola.IDepartment of Manpower (now Labour) ihlolisise
umphumela wezempilo yezisebenzi. Kodwa izigaba lezi ukulimala okubi
kobunjalo bendawo, noma kwezempilo yezisembenzi.

Kukhona imithetho yokususa ukungcola. Kodwa akucaci ukuthi kunqume
ukungcola okungakanani ngokuthize. Lokhu ukulawula kwalokho okulahlwayo
okunyingi kuphela.

Kubukeka ukuthi isijeziso sokuphula umthetho sincane kakhulu. Kushibhile
kuzinkampani ukubhadala inhlawulo yokungcolisa kunokuhlengisa amafektri
abo.

IDepartment of Trade and idustry kayinandaba ngokulimala kwemvelo. Abantu
abathintekayo ezimbonini kufanele babheke ngobubanzi. Kufanele inkinga
yobunjalo bendawo evezwa ozimboni.

 BOX 9: THOR CHEMICAL
 (RETURN TO SENDER)

 Thor Chemical enatal inama-warehouses amathathu aqcwele ngezi gubhu
 zokungcola kwetoxic ephethe i-mercury. imercury iyabulala kukhuiu
 Ukungcola kubuya EUSA kahle kahle. Okunye kubuya eBritain, ezinye
 esingapore naseIndonesia mabourrels amanye arusty ayavuza. Solokhu
 zabekwa lapho iminyaka eyishumi (10 yrs). Ngaphandle kwewarehouse
 kunedamu elinamathani ayi 2 500 esudge. Lududge ukungcola kwetoxic
 equkethe imercury.

 Thor Chemicals ivuimile ukuthi yona nezinye izinkampani zaphesheya ukuthi
 bathenga ukungcola kwemercury. Bathe bazasebenzisa okugcola futhi EUSA
 awuvumelwanga ukuthela waste mercury ezindaweni zokulahlela udoti.
 Kuyabiza yokususa imercury waste.

 Inational Department of Health kwafanela inikeze ifektri iphemithi.
 Abazange baphe ithor iphemithi. Kodwa ithor yaqala ukuhlola
 kwereprocessing. Baqala i-incinerator.*

 Izifundo zase USA zikhombisile ukuthi kunzima ukumisa isigidi (imekhuri)
 imecury ukuthi iphume ngosithimela ngechimney weziko elishisa kakhuiu
 ukusuka ku-incinerator. Logesi unoshevu ihlala emoyeni isikhathi eside,
 imvula iyiwashele emhlabathini. infuthu yokungcola kwetoxic evuthayo
 kuyingozi. Kufanele niyibeke endaweni yokungcola kwetoxic Kodwa kubukeka
 ngathi kunomuntu otshele ithor ukuthi ingakubeka ukungcola efektrini.

 Abantu cahluphekile ngokuthi inhlabathi namanzi kungcolisiwe kulendawo.
 Bayashiseka futhi ngokuthi izetshalo nezilwane kuyonakala gesigidi.
 Ukugwema lokhu abakwa Thor Chameicals bakhe idamu phezu komfula umgeweni
 lapho igeleza khona ukusukila endaweni yabo. Bawampompela famanzi
 angcolile futhi ezakhiweni zabo. Lamanzi aphindiselwa emhlabathini.

 Umshushisi-jikelele wasenatali wanikezela ngeziyalo okuba kuphenyulwe
 loludaba kwa Thor Chemicals. Abaphathi bayo abathathu bashushisefwa icala
 lekubulala ngokungemthetho, inkohliso kanye namacala angu-412 amanye.

 Kuyini okungcono okungenziwa? lthor Chemicals ifuna ukushisa konke
 okuchithiwe noma okulahlwayo abanakho efektri yabo. Bathi bona aphinde
 besaletha okulahlwe ngamanye amazwe. Okunye okungahle kwenziwe ngukuba
 yonke imigqomo nodaka kuthunyeiwe lapho kuyophelela khone nya.
 Okwesithathu yikuba lokhu okulahliwe kuphindiselwe emazweni lapho kuvela
 khona. Lokhu kuyakudiela ithor Chemicals imali eningi kanti kuyodinga
 futhi ukuba kubenokuxoxisana nguthulumeni. Kodwa sekwenziwe okunye
 kwalekhu. lsibondo ngukuthi umphakathi wasezalimane uyewaphoqelela
 ijalimane ukuba uhulumeni wabo ukhokhele ukuthunyelwa emuwa imithi yezifo
 ezibulalayo eYenobhu esempulalanga.

 NgoNdasa 1994 konke okulahliwe okubulalayo okuwela emalika
 kuyekwathunyelwa emva esikhumulweni saseThekwini.

 uHulumeni ufanele ukunxusa iqembu kuhlola elizimele elizakuphenyalula
 ngezehlakalo yendemo yalapho kuphilwa khone kanye nempilo yabasebenzi
 bakwa Thor


Ngokwezindaba zemigomo kahulumeni

1. Okuyikhona okubaluleke kakhulu ngukuthi siyozifaka kanjani izindaba
zendawo okuphilwa kuyo kwezezimboni na? Esikhathini esendlula abezezimboni

bebengazigqizi-qakala ngendawo esiphila kuyo noma ngokungcoliswa. Kaningi
inhlalo yayilinyazwa. Imithetho yokuvikela ingasiza ukuba izimboni
zicophelele isimo sendawo okuhlalwa kuyokangcono. lzimboni kwamanye amazwe
onga imali ngokunciphisa okuvezwa kwalokho sekuzakulahlwa. Ingasiza futhi
ngokukhiqiza okusha ngakho noma ngokukusebenzisa futhi.

2. Lapha eningizimu Afrika sizamile ukulawula okulahlwayo nokungcola
ngokusho

sithi umoya esiwuhogelayo ukwazi ukumukela inani elithile lezithako
zemvelo.

Sithi amanzi nawo akwazi ukwamukela inani elithile. Sithi umhlabathi
ungathatha

inani elithile, kodwa asikwazi ukusho ukuthi umoya, amanzi nomhlabathi

kungathatha ukungcola okungakanani ngaphandle kokudala umonakalo.

3. Sinemithetho eyehlukile ngezokungcola emoyeni, emanzini kanye
nasemhlabathini.

lminyango eyehlukahlukene kahulumeni ekumele lokhu. Kodwa kungasho ukuba

kubhekwe ukungida nokuiahiwayo kufektri ndawonye. Ukuwenza lomsebenzi

uhulumeni umfanele eyibeke yonke lemithetho kunye nabahloli okuyolawula

ngaphansi komnyango owodwa. Kungenjaio, baqinisekise ukuthi iminyango

iyasebenzisana.

4. Inhawulo yezokungcola iphansi kakhulu. Kaningi izinkampani azidingekile

ukuhlawulela unkungahlanzi ukungcolisa kwabo. Umthetho othi ongcolisayo

uyahlwengisa fanele ulethwe. lokhu kusho ukuthi izimboni ziyokhokha imali
eningi

yamaphomede okususa udoti (emoyeni, emanzini nasimhlabathini). Bayobhadala

inhlawulo ezinkulu na bephula umthetho. Bazafanelwa nawukubhadalela

umonakalo odalwe ukungcola kwabo enhlalweni okuhalwa kuyo.

5. Iminyango kahulumeni isibenzisa isu esilibiza ngokuthi IBPM esho ukuthi
Best

Practical Means (indlela okuyona engenzeka) uma kuthathwa isinqumo

sakunikezela noma ubani iphomede. Kusetshenziswa lokhu ukuze kubonwe ukuthi

imboni iveza okulahlwayo okungakanani. Kodwa le BPM ayibhekile indaba

lwezenhlalo. Ifanele ukukhishwa kufakwe IBPEO (Best Practical

Environmental Option) okusho ukuthi: (indlela Okuyiyona engakhethwayo

neyenzekalayo ngezenhlalo) lokhu kuyophoqelela uhulumeni ukuba abheke
nezendawo uma enikezala ngamaphomede.

6. uHululeni ufanele athole izindlela zokukhuthaza izimboni ukuthi zisebenza
izindlela

ezihlanzekile uma kukhiqizwa Lokho kuyosisiza nathi ukuthengisela amanye

amazwe ngaphandle imikhiqizo yethu. Amazwe angaphandle amaningi

ayazihlupha ngendawo abahlala kuyo ngamafektri angcoile.

7. iNingizimu Afrika ayinazo izin ezilungile zokulawula okulahlwayo
okuyingozi

uhulumeni ufanele ukukubuka lokho masinyane.

8. uHulumeni ufanele athathe isinqumo sokuba izimboni zalapha emZantsi
Africa

sifanele yini ukuthenga okulahlwayo emazweni amanye na.

9. uHulumeni ufanele abuke inkinga okulahlwayo kwe-nuclear. lokuku
kuqhamuka

laphayana ekoeberg nu station. Iningi layo ligcinwe eVaalputs eKapa engase

nyakatho. Enye isabekiwe Khona eKoeberg.

uHulumeni ufanele ukubuka imithi ngaloku okulahwayo kwenuclear. Kufanele
kunakekelwe isikhathi Kuhlala kuyingozi imimyaka emini engandlula
esigidini. uhulumeni uhulumeni ufanele ukubheka lezi ukuthi uyoyisombulula
kanjani lenkinga yase Vaalputs nase Koeberg.

10. Uhulumeni ufanele ukubheka okulahlwayo ekhaya. intuthu yezinkuni
ezindlini lokhu kwenzeka ezindaweni ezimpofu kakhuiu. lzinsila ziphelela
kuyizindundumana ezikhatha isithala emhlabathini. uhulumeni ufanele
akhuthaze abantu ukuba basebenzise ngenye indlela kanti futhi basebenzise

11. uHulumeni athole izindiela zokukhutha abezimboni ukuba bakhawule
ukuveza

imikhiqizo esetshenziswa kanye noma kabili impela bese kuyalahlwa Bafanele

ukukhuthazwa ukwenza imikhiqizo eyesetshenziswa isikhathi. Abathengi

bafundiswe ukuthenga imikhiqizo ezwa nendawo lapho kuhlalwe khona benqaba

ukuthenga imikhinqizo engayilungelanga indawo yethu.

Ukuncoma

1 . Yonke imithetho yezonkungcola nokulahlwayo mayibe ndawonye. Kube
nomnyango owodwa ube nokuziphemba ngezokungcola nokulahlwayo. Izimbo zibike
ngokulahlwayo abakwenzayo. lokhu kuyosiza ukulawula okuchithela

  1. Umgomo wokucophelela usetshenzis kuzozonke izinqumo ezimayelana
     nonhlalo okuhlalwa knyo.

3. Umgomo wokuthi "ongcolisayo" akasule usetshenziswe ukwenqabela izimboni

ukuba zikhubaze indawo

4. uHulumeni ufanele ukushesha odabeni lwalokho okulahlwayo okuyngozi.
Ifanele

isungulwe eyokulawula okulahlwayo okuyingozi ukususela cradle-to-grave-to

cradle*. Lendlele kumeleke kube yingenye yenkambiso yonke yokuphathwa

kakulahlwayo nokungcola. izisebenzi ezisebenza ngokulahlilwe badinga

ukuvikelwa.

5. uHulumeni ufanele ukubheka imithetho nemigomo yokulawula okulahlwayo

kwe nuclear.

6. Akufanelanga ukuletha okulahlwayo okubulalayo kulelizwe okuvela kwelinye
ilizwe.

uhulumeni ufanele abe nohlu lwalolonke utho olungenayo ezeweni kanye
nokuphumayo.

7. iNingizimu Afrika isayine ibamako Convention. Le Convention yenqabela
ukulethwa

kokulahlayo okuyingozi eafrika okuvela kwamanye amazwe.

8. uHulumeni asebenzise ibest Practical Environmental Option uma enikezela
amaphomende

kuzimboni ngokokungcolisa.

9. uHulumeni asize izimboni ukuthatha izindlela ezifanele inhlalo lapho
kuhlalwa kona uma

bekhiqiza kuvezwe namathuba emisebenzi.

10. uHulumeni ufanele abeke imithetho emisha yokubhala igama noma uphawu
lomniniyo

(isithikithana) phezu kwesikhiqizo sakhe. Kufanele kuqalwe imigomo

yomathikithana azokuchaza ukuthi ngabe lowomkhiqizo uyithinta kanjani
indawo

lapho kuphilwa khona. iningizimu Afrika iqale inkambiso ye-ecolabelling*.

11. uHulumeni ufanele ukuthola izindlela zokukhuthaza abantu ukuthi
bangenzi okulahlwayo

okuningi. Bakhuthaze abantu kuba bayingilize okulahliwe.

12. Uhulumeni udinga isitafu esiningi sokusokulawula okulahlwayo
nokungcola. Laba basebenzi badinga  ukuqeqeshwa kahle.

13. Umphakathi ubenelungelo lokuthola yonke imininingwane
ngokulahlwayo nokungcola.

14. Uhulumeni abheke labobantu abaya lapho kulahlwa khona ukuyofuna ukudla

nezimpahla nokunye. Ngokwenza lokho bangagula. Amamenenja aleyondawo

kufanele babe nebhuku elizo ukuth kulahlwani kuleyondawo yabo.

15. Amamenenja okulahlwayo emaprovinsini afanele ukubekwa. Basebenzisane

nezemboni kanye nomphakathi kuleyondawo ngokulawula okulahlwayo.

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Okuphakathi
